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Background: Several studies showed the relationship of obesity and overweight with body mass index. According to these studies, because of severe complications of obesity and overweight we wanted to indicate the outbreak rate of obesity and overweight in the certain group of veterans. Methods: This study was cross-sectional in design. The numbers of subjects was 106 individuals in Isfahan city. Anthropometric data and medical history were collected and handled with SPSS 10 statistical software. Findings: The mean and standard deviation of anthropometric indices were as follow: height, 168.39 ± 8.04 cm, weight, 78.75 ± 13.44 kg, body mass index, 27.98 ± 4.68 Kg/m2, mid-arm circumference, 33.19 ± 4.12 cm, calf circumference, 31.96 ± 7.38 cm, mid-arm muscle circumference, 27.34 ± 11.02 cm, biceps skinfold, 12.10 ± 5.47 mm, triceps skinfold, 16.35 ± 6.08 mm, scapular skinfold, 30.17 ± 8.10 mm, suprailiac skinfold, 32.62 ± 7.33 mm, total fat, 89.13 ± 24.16 mm. Conclusion: According to the findings, more than half of the study population were obese and overweight, however spinal cord injured patients with the same body mass index had excessive fat mass compared to other veterans. The main reason is sedentary life style but, additional investigations with larger samples size are encouraged.

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Background: Several studies showed that the micronutrient intake of the imposed war veterans is different than the recommended daily adequate (RDA). Consequently, veterans are at risk of malnutrition. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study. The subjects studied included 106 individuals with over 10% disability in Isfahan city. Data collection was performed by using a public information questionnaire and a two-day dietary recall. The data review was conducted with N4 nutritional software and SPSS 10 statistical software. This project examined the average intake of micronutrients and mean anthropometric indices in veterans. Also, the mean intake of micronutrients was compared with RDA; the mean anthropometric indices with the standard values was compared too. The relationship between the amount of intake of micronutrients with anthropometric indices was also determined. Findings: Intake of some amounts of micronutrients were lower than RDA and some of them was higher than RDA which appears to result from inadequate intake, catching a wide range of diseases and food and drug interactions. Also, according to the findings related to anthropometric indices and body composition in this group, the total amount of fat was more than normal level and determined that regular physical activity plays an important role to promote health is these people. Conclusion: According to the findings of the study we found that the pattern of food intake of veterans should be corrected.

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Abstract Background: The aim of the current study was to assess the cross reaction of the crude hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens of Echinococcus granulosus, obtained from mice experimentally infected with hydatid cyst and from naturally infected human using sera of infected human who had surgery at different hospitals in Iran. Methods: hydatid cysts obtained from lungs and livers of naturally infected sheep slauthered from local abattoirs in Ilam, Iran. HCF recovered from cysts was centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 25 minutes. The supernatant was dialysed against PBS, freezed- thawed and used as crude HCF. Findings: HCFs obtained from two different host species were highly useful for ELISA and most sera from CE patients equally recognized the HCF antigen of both mice and human. Mice sera showed a cross-reaction with human sera in recognition of HCF antigens of echinococcosis. IgG4 was the highest IgG subclass recognizing HCF of both mice and human HCF. Human IgG was high in response to both antigens while the OD ratio was two times using human IgG against mice antigen compared to human antigen. Conclusion: IgG and IgG4 of human sera are reacting against both mice and human HCF with the greatest response from IgG total to mice HCF. Cross reaction of human IgG and IgG4 was observed for both mice and human HCF. Mice HCF can be relied on as an appropriate antigen in detection of human hydatidosis.

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Background: Academic achievement depends on the knowledge and application of effective study skills. The aim of this study was to investigate the student__AWT_QUOTE__s study skills of Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Methods: 558 students enrolled in the study via census sampling in the year 2008-2009. The data was collected using Congos´ Study Skills Inventory. To analyze the data, independent t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient were used.  Findings: The mean score of skills was 2.45 ± 0.39 out of 4. The participants were classified in three groups of weak (45.4%), moderate (53.4%), and sufficient skills (2.2%). There was a significant relation between study skills and gender (p < 0.05). There was also a positive correlation between GPA and study skills (r = 0.13). Skill scores of the fresh were significantly higher than the students from higher terms (p < 0.05).  Conclusion: The majority of students had insufficient and moderate levels of study skills. It seems that study skills workshop is a necessity for students and even as a part of university curriculum.  

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Background: Petroleum contaminated soil is an environmental problem that affects human health. Phytoremediation is a cost-effective method for removal of petroleum from soil. This study evaluated the effects of the plant and nutrients on the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) from the soil. Methods: Soils were collected from Ahwaz desalting unit No.2 and then polluted with 2.5% w/w of crude oil. Microbial number and residual TPHs of the studied pot experiments were determined at day 0 and 90. TPHs and heterotrophic bacterial number were measured by gas chromatography (GC) and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method, respectively. Findings: The average percentage of TPH removal in the rhizosphere soil (≈ 20%) was higher than those in the non-rhizosphere soil (≈ 7%). In addition, the average number of heterotrophic bacteria in the rhizosphere soil (7.14 CFU/g) was higher than in the non-rhizosphere soil (6.16 CFU/g). Moreover, the TPH removal and microbial number in the soil that received nutrient were higher than in the free-nutrient soil. Conclusion: Although high clay and salinity of the soil had an inhibitive effect on phytoremediation efficiency, results showed a native plants performed phytoremediation properly even in improper condition of environment.

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Background: Aggressive behavior in adolescence can be expressed as a predictor for crime, substance abuse, depression and academic failure. This study was performed with the aim to determine the prevalence and factors associated with aggression among adolescents. Methods: The present study was a cross sectional research that was performed among adolescents of Yasuj, Iran in 2010. Subjects were selected by random sampling method from the city__AWT_QUOTE__s main squares. Data collection tool was a questionnaire including two parts: demographic and Boss and Perry aggression questionnaire, which was completed by self-report of the participants. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 18. Findings: Prevalence of aggression was 32.2 percent. Drug abuse, alcohol consumption, unprotected sex, drug abuse in friends, and parental divorce had a statistically significant relationship with the incidence of aggressive in adolescents (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Prevalence of aggression was 32.2 percent. Drug abuse, alcohol consumption, unprotected sex, drug abuse in friends, and parental divorce had a statistically significant relationship with the incidence of aggressive in adolescents (P < 0.05).

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Background: Nutritional education is a necessity in diabetic patients to better control of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of educational programs to promote nutritional knowledge in type II diabetes patients using the health belief model (HBM). Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study which was performed among type II diabetic patients referred to rural health centers in Gachsaran, Iran. Thus, after obtaining permission from officials of the health center in Gachsaran city and coordination with rural health centers, two centers as the intervention group and two centers as the control group were randomly selected, and then for study enrollment, 140 of the patients (70 patients in control group and 70 patients in intervention group) were selected in simple random sampling method among the patients; intervention group received the intended educations and were taken final assessment after 3 months of educational intervention in both groups. Findings: The results showed a statistical significant difference after the implementation of educational programs in the intervention group in the mean knowledge scores, perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and perceived self-efficacy and decreased perceived barriers (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrated usefulness of implementing educational programs among intervention group concerning the promotion of nutritional knowledge.

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Background: Medication errors are very common in the nursing profession and potentially dangerous for patients. The results of medical errors increase duration of hospitalization and costs and sometimes, cause severe damage and even death to the patient. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of medication errors and to the reasons for occurrence and to execute strategies to solve this problem. Methods: This was an action-research study conducted in nurses using head count sampling methodology. A total number of coronary care unit (CCU) nurses from hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (Isfahan, Iran) were enrolled. A questionnaire consisted of 4 parts was used for data collection. The best strategy to reduce medication errors was selected by Thomas Analytical Hierarchy Matrix and applied. 3 months later, applied nurses were evaluated by the same questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive and paired t and Pearson correlation coefficient tests. Findings: Lack of attention to medical cautions was the most common medication error reported by staff with the prevalence of 30%. Lack of errors reporting system (84%), knowledge deficiency in definition of drug errors (81%) and fear from reporting consequences (80%) were the main causes for refusing to report medication errors. Over three months (after using operational strategies), the mean score of medication error for any personnel declined from 12.5 ± 2.09 to 5.09 ± 1.02 (P = 0.02). There was a significant increase in mean score of medication error reporting (from 1.10 ± 0.41 to 3.10 ± 0.51) after 3 months. Conclusion: To enhance nurses knowledge of medication errors, the recommended strategies such as promoting use of pharmacological book at wards, holding cnontinous medical education (CME) courses, provide a facility for nurses' access to sites on the internet network, andcontinuous assessment of nurses' knowledge and information about medicine especially new upgrades, must be attend by supreme health administrators. 

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Background: Most managers and employees' manner and actions are influenced by the ethical values and they are rooted in ethics. In the current situation, violating some ethical criteria has currently brought anxiety among the governmental and non- governmental sectors. Then, the efficient managers are worried mostly about how to provide appropriate opportunities for the human being to observe the ethical codes and reinforce their responsibility and commitment in different levels. This is also true for the health system in the society which is governing by the universities of medical sciences in Iran; furthermore, it is crucially important to have an Islam- driven focus on the ethical criteria at work. Therefore in this study Islamic working ethics surveyed within the employees in health system.  Methods: This is a descriptive- applied research. Participants are 8280 employees in four different sectors in the health system that 239 persons among them were selected as sample. The questionnaire was distributed among all of, but just 198 (83%) handed them. The literature of the study was reviewed from some available relevant books and articles, the hypotheses were also testified through a researcher- made questionnaire which included 20 close questions based on the Likert scale. Also, by using Cronbach's alpha, the validity of the study was calculated as equal to 91%. In addition, the experts and authorities verified its face and content validity through a multi- stage Delphi method. Finally, data were analyzed by descriptive (frequency, mean), and inferential methods (two-sentence test and K2) with SPSS -16.  Findings: In this study, the statistical analysis revealed, Islamic working ethics governance among the employees in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences was desirable. None of the factors didn__AWT_QUOTE__t influence in faith, perseverance and effort. Healthy human relationship in the work place is depended on the employees' gender and working domain. Finally, gender, age, working domain and managing background affected their religious commitment.  Conclusion: Due to the importance study of the Ethical behavior, especially the Islamic working ethics, in organizations, it is crucial to analyze the effect of Work ethic by focusing on the Islamic ethic and governing culture in organizations in Iran. According to the results of this study Islamic working ethics governance is demanded among the employees and depends on their gender, age, working domain and managing background.  

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Background: The Retention rates are important factors in methadone maintenance treatment. This study was performed with aims to determine the attitude and subjective norms in Methadone Treatment Maintenance among Kohgilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad’s province addict who referred addiction treatment centers. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study that done among men’s addicted who are receiving methadone maintenance therapy referred to addiction treatment centers. Sampling was in systematic proportional method among addiction treatment centers in each of the cities. Questioner by referred to addiction centers selected men’s addicted in randomly. Data were analyzed by SPSS-21. Findings: Mean age of participants was 33.58±8.94 with range 16 to 53 years. Among attitude structure’s questions respectively, reduce of harm reduction drugs on health, better communicate with people around and reduce the cost of living, and among subjective norms structure’s questions, family approved and number of friends involved in methadone treatment had achieved the highest score average. Conclusions: It seems, increase in beliefs such as harm reduction, reduce the cost of living and improve relationships and effect of family and friends support can be effective for retention on methadone maintenance therapy among addicts.

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Background: Foreign immigrants form the part of the population of each country. Among the foreign immigrant population in Iran, The share of immigrants and nationals from Afghanistan is very noticeable. One of the factors that affect this people's physical and mental health is social support. This study aimed to investigate the status of social support and its effective factors on afghan immigrants were performed.  Methods: This cross-sectional study of 400 cases of Afghan immigrants was carried out in Savojbolagh County in 1391. For collecting the survey data, the Questionnaires of demographic and Vaux's social support have been used. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and correlation, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, by SPSS18 software. Findings: The study cases were 231 men (57.7%) and 169 women (42.3%). Total average age of immigrants is 54.8 ±01.26, the average age for men is 54.7 ± 58.24 and for women is 42.9 ± 96.27. The average score of Social support was higher in women than men. Between social support and gender, education, job satisfaction, economic status, chronic disease, and residence status, a statistically significant relationship was found (P< 0.05). However, the statistically significant relationship between social support and place of birth was not observed (P>0.05).  Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, different individual and environmental factors can be effective in the social support of migrants. Also social support status of Afghan immigrants is moderate, so the need to provide informational, emotional, and instrumental support for enhancing the social support status in them is tangible.

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Background: Ritalin is an amphetamine that possible to abuse, especially among college students. This study performed with aim to determine the attitudes, subjective norms, prototype, willingness and behavioral intentions regarding Ritalin abuse among college students.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 264 college students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, during spring 2013. Participants selected in random sampling with probability proportional to size, and data were collected by using questionnaire in self-report. Data were described by using SPSS-21.Findings: Mean age of students was 23.02±2.28 years. 6.6 percent of students reported having experienced Ritalin abuse. Participants respectively received 47.7, 48.6, 48, 43.5 and 52.6 percent of the maximum score for the domains; attitudes, subjective norms, prototype, willingness and behavioral intention to use Ritalin.Conclusion: Our findings showed, more intention to Ritalin abuse during cores exam, it seem skills study education for student could be beneficial results to Ritalin abuse prevention.

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Background: In the past two decades psychoactive drugs especially among adolescents and youth are common, these drugs located in the second row of drug abuse in the world. Present study performed with aim of determinant of predictors of psychoactive drugs use among adolescents and youth in Kermanshah city based on theory of planned behavior.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among 385 adolescents and youth in Kermanshah. Participants were selected in simple random. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographics, knowledge Questions about the consequences of psychoactive drugs and Structures questionnaire of the theory of planned behavior that completed by participants in self-report. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS-21 with utilizes of regression tests and Pearson correlation.Findings: 7.2 and 4.2 % of the participants were experienced Cristal and Ecstasy. Subjective norms (OR=1.455), perceived behavioral control (OR=0.793) and behavioral intentions (OR=1.440) predicted psychoactive drugs use.Conclusion: It seems that drug use by close friends and peer pressure as encouraging factors provide the conditions for the use of psychoactive drugs.Key Words: Adolescent, Young, Psychoactive Drugs, Theory of Planned Behavior

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Background: Association between vitamin D deficiency and some components of metabolic syndrome was previously investigated by some cross sectional studies. Howevr, these findings are usually inconsistent. With regard to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Iran, this study was conducted to investigate the association of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and markers of metabolic syndrome in adult womenMethods: In this cross sectional study, 156 women aged ≥30 havig at least three criteria of the metabolic syndrome were recruited by consecutive random sampling. Serum 25(OH) D levels and the components of the metabolic syndrome were measured. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to NCEP/ATP III criteria. Subjects were grouped in three chategories according to their serum concentrations of 25(OH)D.Findings: Mean concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum was 20.5 ± 10.8 ng/ml. 54.5% of the subjects were identified vitamin D deficient. Also, 23.1% and 22.4% were found insufficient and sufficient, respectively. After adjustment for age, BMI and physical activity, ANCOVA showed fasting blood sugar concentration was inversely associated with serum 25(OH)D(P=0.004). There was a significant correlation between HDL-C and vitamin D status (P=0.014). Waist circumference showed a relative but not statistically significant correlation with serum vitamin D concentration. Moreover, no significant association was observed between any other components of metabolic syndrome and vitamin D level across the chategorized groups.Conclusion: Based on stong association between serum 25(OH) D level with fasting blood sugar and HDL-C concentration, the former can be a predicivte parameter for chronic disease. However, to determine the role of vitamin D in metabolic syndrome and related disease, large prospective studies and clinical trials should be conducted in the future.Key Words: Metabolic Syndrome, Diet, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, Blood Glucose, Lipid Profiles, Women

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Background: Data and information resources are scattered in health care institutions and health systems and integrated access to them for reporting and analysis is challenging. Application of data warehouse can be a solution to this issue. Thus, this study aimed to investigate data warehouse applications in the field of health, identify its challenges, and provide solutions.Methods: This was a comprehensive and narrative review study. First, the keywords in the field of data warehouse were determined and the extent of the search was limited to the filed of health. Than, the relevant articles were selected from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and ScienceDirect databases.Findings: Today, most health care institutions face the challenge of collecting, organizing, and retrieving disparate and bulky data for research, quality improvement, outcome analysis, or best practices determination. The solution to most of these challenges is data warehouse. This technique may resolve many problems in data management and utilization of health system data.Conclusion: The use of systems such as data warehouse is the main objective of the health system for the prevention of the onset or progression of diseases and improvement of public health. This paper was a first step in creating and using the National Health Data Warehouse, and thus, requires a national approach to address its challenges and solutions.

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Background: Nutrition has been recognized as one of the most important factors affecting cognitive function. Zinc is a micronutrient element, the deficiency of which has irreversible complications in early life and reversible complications in later stages of life. The main objective of this study was to assess the correlation between serum zinc concentrations and cognitive function and educational performance in young girls in art schools.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 students were randomly assessed and their serum zinc status was assessed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry technique. Intelligence quotient (IQ), memory, and attention were measured using Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM), Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), and Bonnardel’s accuracy/letter eliminating tests, respectively. Educational performance was assessed using the academic scores average. General linear model (GLM) was used to evaluate the effect of serum zinc levels on variation in IQ, memory, attention, and educational scores.Findings: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of zinc serum level was 105.51 ± 31 µg/dl. The mean ± SD of RPM, WMS, Bonnardel’s accuracy test and Bonnardel’s letter eliminating test scores, and academic scores average were 91.44 ± 11.80, 84.6 ± 11.2, 46.0 ± 0.6, 44.84 ± 5.20, and 14.15 ± 1.80, respectively. A significant positive relationship was detected between serum zinc levels and scores of RPM, WMS, and Bonnardel’s tests (P < 0.05 for all). However, no significant relation was found between zinc serum levels and academic scores average.Conclusion: Serum zinc level has a positive relationship with IQ, memory, and attention in young female students. Thus, education regarding the use of zinc must be considered in order to improve educational performance in young female students.

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Background: Phytoremediation is an effective and cost-effective technique for the treatment of polluted soil. To better implement phytoremediation, it is necessary to know the microbial population variation trend. In the present study, microbial population changes were evaluated in rhizosphere and control soil.Methods: The experimental soil was divided into 5 parts, and was polluted with 0.43, 0.86, 1.9, 4.13, and 8.27% (w/w) concentrations of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs). Microbial population variation and initial crude oil concentration were measured using ‌heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and gas chromatography (GC) methods, respectively.Findings: According to the results, the average microbial population in planted (7.55 log10CFU/g) and with nutrient treatments (7.79 log10CFU/g) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the treatments without plants (6.629 log10CFU/g) and without nutrients (6.97 log10CFU/g). Moreover, the maximum microbial populations were observed in treatments polluted with 0.86% (w/w) of TPHs (8.372 log10CFU/g).Conclusion: Due to their micronutrient secretion for bacteria, plants and nutrients can increase the microbial population and efficiency of phytoremediation.

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Background: The necessity of introducing an effective interventional package in helping couples who suffered from and adversely influenced by cyberspace is evident from its expansive nature in married life communications and interactions, as well as its significant role in the quality of conjugal relationships. Accordingly, the present study aimed to examine the efficacy of cyberspace-induced damage-based interventions on marital quality.Methods: The subjects of this quasi-experimental study were selected among cyberspace-damaged couples who visited various cultural centers, completed a cyberspace-induced damage questionnaire, and received significantly higher damage scores than the mean score. They were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Intervention in the experimental group was made in the form of 11 educational sessions. Research instruments included a cyberspace-induced damage to conjugal relationship and the perceived relationship quality components (PRQC) questionnaires. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data via SPSS software.Findings: Cyberspace-induced damage-based treatment/education was effective in improving the marital quality of the experimental group; meaning that post-test mean values for marital quality was significantly higher for the experimental group compared with the control group )P < 0.05(.Conclusion: The developed pair counseling program can serve as an effective method to enhance the quality of life among cyberspace-damaged married. 

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Background: Physical activity is a key factor in maintaining health and preventing non-communicable diseases. The present study was conducted in 2016-2017 academic year to investigate level of self-efficacy and physical activity among boy high school students (junior) in the city of Flavarjan, Iran.Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 254 boy junior high school students selected according to a multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Physical Activity Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson, independent t, one-way ANOVA, and linear regression tests at the significance level of P < 0.050.Findings: Students' mean physical activity score was 2630.36 met/cal/week, and physical activity was intense in 10.2%, moderate in 52.3%, and poor in 37.5% of students. Mean self-efficacy score was 57.26 ± 18.14. A significant relationship was observed between self-efficacy and physical activity (r = 0.24, P < 0.001). Mother education and self-efficacy predicted physical activity by 0.36.Conclusion: Self-Efficacy in physical activity among high school students was moderate. As regards, self-efficacy affects physical activity as an intrinsic factor; so, it is recommended to use strategies of self-efficacy to enhance physical activity among the students.

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Background: Food Safety Management System (FSMS) is known as a tool to manage the risks in production chain. First step in establishing this system is to observe the Prerequisite Programs (PRPs) including Good Manufacturing Procedure (GMP), Good Hygiene Procedure (GHP), Good Laboratory Procedure (GLP), Hazard Analytical Critical Control Point (HACCP), and International Standard Organization (ISO). These programs are used by Food and Drug Administration of Ministry of Health in Iran through a checklist named PRPs to investigate the food processing plants conditions. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluation of meat and can food processing plants based on the implementation of PRPs to establish FSMS in Isfahan, Iran.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 33 meat and can processing plants were investigated by census method in Isfahan in 2016 and 2017. The evaluation of processing plants was performed based on four quality grades of A, B, C, and D after completion of PRPs checklist. Descriptive analysis and comparison were performed in SPSS software.Findings: 39.4% and 42.4% of meat and can processing plants of Isfahan City belonged to grade C with the most frequency, in 2016 and 2017, respectively. These processing plants were poor in observing HACCP and ISO principles. The increasing of PRPs score was observed in all processing plants in 2017 compared with 2016.Conclusion: Implementation of FSMS is possible through observing all PRPs principles. It is recommended to educate the quality control managers and technical experts of food processing plants on the importance of FSMS implementation in order to produce safe and healthy food products.