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Background: Diabetes is one of the most common diseases worldwide that the number of sufferers in the world reaches 177 million. Diabetic patients are more likely to get depressed than others. However, the demographic features of patients could be effective in this regard. The aim of present study was to assess the severity of depression in diabetic patients according to their demographic features. Methods: In this cross-sectional study 383 type 2 diabetic patients referred to Isfahan charity association in  recruited. These patients were examined in terms of depression through a questionnaire consisting of 2 parts: with demographic features, and with 21 standardized Beck tests. Obtained data analyzed by SPSS software and Chi-square and Multivariate analysis tests. Findings: The prevalence of normal moods,moderate,medium and severe depression among studied population was 28%,21.4%,35.5% and 15.1% respectively.Severe depression was more prevalent in women than men(56.6% vs. 36.8%,P< 0.01). There was negative significant relation between depression severity and age (P= -0.02). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the high prevalence of depression among type2 diabetic patients.. Therefore, psychiatric consultation is recommended toto evaluate depression in type2 diabetics.

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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation of intensity of low back discomfort with two factors that contribute to low back pain -Ergonomics risk factors and psychosocial factors- most seen in emergency unit nurses. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted on 120 emergency unit nurses in Isfehan. For daily assessment of psychosocial and Ergonomics factors and intensity of Low back discomfort, questionnaires such as: Job Content, Ergonomics hazards and Nordic questionnaire were used respectively. Nurses were questioned during a 5-week period, at the end of each shift work. Using Spearman, Mann-Whitney and Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, the final results were analyzed with SPSS software18/PASW. Findings: There was significant relationship between work demand, job content, social support and intensity of low back discomfort (P-value< 0.05). But there was not any link between intensity of Low Back discomfort and decision latitude. Also there was significant relationship between Intensity of low back discomfort and Ergonomics risk factors. Conclusion: This study showed that intensity of low back discomfort will increase with decreasing social support and increasing work demand, Job Content and Ergonomics factors. So, to decrease work related low back discomfort, psychosocial factors should be attended in addition to Ergonomics factors.

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Background: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a 6-month lifestyle change using the health belief model (HBM) on cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary, postmenopausal women of Ahvaz.Methods: This study started in June 2007 and completed in May 2008. A total of 67 healthy and sedentary postmenopausal women were assigned into two groups, namely exercise (38) and control (29). Over the six months of follow-up, the intervention (exercise) group attended five educational sessions about physical activity according to the HBM(the first session and the one at the end of the 3rd month included face to face education; three lecture-discussion classes with educational aids such as slide demonstrations, on weekends in the first month). In addition, a pamphlet containing information about menopause and the effects it has on the cardiovascular system along with the benefits of physical activity in cardiovascular disease prevention was prepared based on the HBM and handed to all participants. Every participant also received five exercise-reminding telephone calls at the end of each month. Pre- and post-intervention measurements of health belief and anthropometric components including blood pressure, blood lipids and physical activity were conducted. Paired and independent t-tests and repeated measure test were used to analyze the data in SPSS version 15.Findings: Compared to the control group, women in the exercise group experienced significant decrease in their low density lipoprotein levels (-15 mg/dl; P < 0.05), fasting blood sugar (-7.4 mg/dl; P < 0.05), and an increased physical activity (272 minutes/week, p = 0.02). All components of HBM, except for knowledge, improved significantly in the exercise group compared to the control group (P = 0.001).Conclusion: Lifestyle change intervention using the HBM can be an effective means of reducing cardiovascular risk in obese and sedentary postmenopausal women.

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Abstract: Introduction: psychiatric disorder is a disease in which patients suffer from emotional problems that these are visible in all aspect of patient__AWT_QUOTE__s life. Studies show that there is a major difference between the prevalence of this disease in different countries and also show that this disorder is increasing. The aim of this study is to find the possible relationship between psychiatric disorders and epidemiological characteristics of the patients. Method: this was a cross-sectional study in which 3935 patients were recruited from 2004 to 2010. the patients were diagnosed to at least one of the following disorders such as anxiety, cognitive, behavioural, substance abuse, bipolar I &II &NOS, psychotic, psycholotemic, and depression. The distribution of each psychiatric disorder and its related factors were analysed using logistic regression method. Results: Ratio of male to female was 1.2. The mean±SD of the age of the patients was 33.1±0.2 that showed men were younger than women. Bipolar I, psychotic, and depression were respectively highest frequencies among the other psychotic disorders. The higher the age, the higher the chance of suffering from depression, cognitive disorder, and substance abuse and the lower the chance of suffering from bipolar I and psychotic. The odds were higher for smoker to suffer bipolar I, NOS, and drug use disorder than non-smoker. Also, patients with more hospital admission were more at risk of anxiety, bipolar I, II, and psychotic disorders. Discussion: In previous studies the odds of suffering from psychotic and bipolar disorder was higher in patients with hospital readmission as was seen in this study. In this work women were seen to be more at risk of anxiety, bipolar and depressive disorders than men and also males were more prone to drug use and psychotic disorders compared to females. These results are similar to the previous studies.

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Background: Workplace health and mental health depend on quality of life indicators. Considering this fact in all organizations will prevent fatigue and low efficiency. This study compared quality of life of women and men working in Sapco (Isfahan, Iran). Methods: In a descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study in 2011, 200 men and women were randomly selected based on their physical attendance. Quality of life of participants was assessed by the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). The collected data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student's t-test, and chi-square test in SPSS11.5. Findings: Gender was significantly related with marital status, having children, income, and employment status. However, no significant relationships were observed between gender and age, education, housing status, and work experience. On the other hand, quality of life was significantly correlated with gender and occupational status but not with age, education, marital status, having children, income, housing status, and work experience. Conclusion: Overall quality of life in the present study was higher in women than men. Improving quality of life among this group of people requires educational and executive planning.

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Background: The issue of employee turnover is one of the organizational problems that affect organization development. For organization managers who want to save, protect and improve human resources, it is a problem and also requires special attention. Applying proper methods of management and also promoting empowerment of employees increase their motivation to continuously communicate with organization. The objective of this research was to study the relationship between managers__AWT_QUOTE__ supportive behaviors and psychological empowerment with intention to stay in the organization. Methods: This research was done in Health Care Organization of Oil Industry of Isfahan, Iran, during the autumn of 2011. Among the employees of organization (in total 354 people), 187 employees were selected by convenience sampling. The research tools included Supportive Managerial Behaviors Questionnaire, The Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire and Intention to Stay Questionnaire. The data was analyzed using Pearson__AWT_QUOTE__s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis (enter method). Findings: There was a significant relationship between supportive managerial behaviors and empowerment and intention to stay. Supportive behavior and empowerment predicted 12% of the variance of intention to stay (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Managerial methods especially supportive behaviors of managers are complementary component to create a proper environment to educate employees and increase their motivation. Furthermore, employees__AWT_QUOTE__ realization of their empowerment levels, increases motivation and their organizational commitment.

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 Background: Current studies show high increase of obesity worldwide. Regarding the increment of prevalence of obesity, overweight and central obesity in Iranian community and its association with lifestyle and social and professional structures, anthropometrics indices and the prevalence of mentioned problems need to be assessed in future studies. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity among students of School of Medicine in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 215 students of different courses and degrees in School of Medicine were selected by cluster randomized stratified sampling method. The questionnaires were completed and their anthropometrics were determined by a standard protocol. Findings: None of the females and 5.88% of the males afflicted with overweight (Body Mass Index or BMI > 25); none of the females and 3.92% of the males with obesity (BMI > 30), 5.31% of the females and 4.95% of the males with central obesity. There was a slight difference between the subjects with or without these disorders. The prevalence were directly associated with the age increase and family history. Conclusion: There were no statistical significant differences regarding the prevalence of obesity, overweight and central adiposity in different age, sex and family history groups.

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Background: Several studies have shown that physical activity and exercise in reducing stress, anxiety, depression and bad mood and increase feelings of revitalization of humor or mental health is associated with. Social work Sport and Physical Education in the development and strengthening social infrastructure and basic functioning of the whole structure of society and the relationships between social strata Vahad significant effects on the leaves. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sport and social capital in leisure time faculty members of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Methods: descriptive correlation method is used in this study. Two questionnaires are used for data collection. Social capital questionnaire is based on SCOT Model. Also, leisure time questionnaire made by researcher which Face and content validity of it was verified by experts. Reliability coefficients by using Cornbrash__AWT_QUOTE__s alpha coefficients were calculated at 0.92 and 0.82 respectively. Sample populations measured by Khan__AWT_QUOTE__s Formula, they are 150 people that were selected as sample using multiple cluster sampling by taking the sex and college into consideration as variables. Findings: The results showed that the average leisure time physical equivalent of 42/3 and social capital for individuals 3/47, respectively. Regression analysis also showed that the combination of the components of social capital (trust and sharing) the amount and physical recreation are significant. (R = .602 / P = ./000) and multiple correlation coefficient, which combines elements of social capital and physical recreation .602 And the ratio of .362 Is. The index shows that % 36/2 of the variance in scores on physical leisure, social capital can be described by a combination of factors, is the explanation. Conclusion: Exercise and physical activity in leisure time and Individual participation in group activities and they provide conditions for membership till People interact and communicate with other people and a sense of belonging to the group Collective interests and respect. Such activities can increase the level of social capital and its components, such as, social norms and the participation. Keyword: Leisure, sport, social capital, trust and partnerships

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Background: Frozen dough technology makes it possible to access fresh bread with a minimum need for equipment and with minimal skilled personnel at any time. In this study the impact of freezing rate and degree of pre-fermentation on quality factors of Sangak frozen dough and its bread was assessed. Methods: The pre-fermentation was between 0 and 120 min (full proving time), for every 30 min, and the corresponding secondly (or final) fermentation was between 120 and 0 min, respectively, to obtain total fermentation time of 120 min. The dough was formed in a flat shape with 3, 6 or 9 mm thickness and prefermented. The prefermented doughs was frozen under -25 °C. It was followed by 1-day storage at -18 °C and then a second fermentation and then to finish the fermented dough was baked. Sangak frozen dough quality was assessed by measuring yeast survival after thawing. Characteristics of frozen dough bread were evaluated by measuring density after baking. The statistical analysis was performed in factorial test based on completely randomized design (p < 0.05). Findings: Results showed that viability of yeast increased by decreasing dough thickness, so that at 3 mm the most viability was observed. The maximum yeast viability was observed at short pre-fermentation (30 min). The lowest bread density was obtained at 3 mm thickness and 30 min pre-fermentation. Conclusion: Freezing had an adverse effect on quality factors of frozen dough and its bread. Short pre-fermentation and lower thickness can obtain optimum conditions to produce Sangak frozen dough. Keyword: Bread density, Yeast viability, freezing rate, Sangak bread

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Background: A flatoxins are one of the most important types of mycotoxins that are produced by Aspergillus species such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus on contaminated feed. A flatoxin M1 (AFM1) is excreted in milk of those lactating animals which have ingested a flatoxin B1 contaminated feed. The aim of this study is to determine the presence and level of aflatoxin M1 in white Iranian cheese produced by Isfahan dairy factories. Methods: A total of 20 cheese samples were randomly collected from five factories and levels of a flatoxin M1 was evaluated by ELISA method. Findings: The results of AFM1 levels analysis (ng/kg) in fifty white cheese samples showed that concentration of AFM1 was between 72-297 ng/kg. 33 out of 50 samples (66%) were contaminated by AFM1 and the mean of AFM1 level in positive samples was 162.7 ng/kg. Also, AFM1 level in             6 samples (18.8% of positive samples) was higher than the maximum tolerance limit (250 ng/kg) accepted by the European countries. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the mean concentration of AFM1 in tested cheese samples. Conclusion: The human health via consumption of contaminated milk and milk products with AFM1 is well known. Therefore, food must be evaluated for aflatoxin and be kept apart from fungal contamination as much as possible.

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Background: The Retention rates are important factors in methadone maintenance treatment. This study was performed with aims to determine the attitude and subjective norms in Methadone Treatment Maintenance among Kohgilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad’s province addict who referred addiction treatment centers. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study that done among men’s addicted who are receiving methadone maintenance therapy referred to addiction treatment centers. Sampling was in systematic proportional method among addiction treatment centers in each of the cities. Questioner by referred to addiction centers selected men’s addicted in randomly. Data were analyzed by SPSS-21. Findings: Mean age of participants was 33.58±8.94 with range 16 to 53 years. Among attitude structure’s questions respectively, reduce of harm reduction drugs on health, better communicate with people around and reduce the cost of living, and among subjective norms structure’s questions, family approved and number of friends involved in methadone treatment had achieved the highest score average. Conclusions: It seems, increase in beliefs such as harm reduction, reduce the cost of living and improve relationships and effect of family and friends support can be effective for retention on methadone maintenance therapy among addicts.

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Background: Ritalin is an amphetamine that possible to abuse, especially among college students. This study performed with aim to determine the attitudes, subjective norms, prototype, willingness and behavioral intentions regarding Ritalin abuse among college students.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 264 college students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, during spring 2013. Participants selected in random sampling with probability proportional to size, and data were collected by using questionnaire in self-report. Data were described by using SPSS-21.Findings: Mean age of students was 23.02±2.28 years. 6.6 percent of students reported having experienced Ritalin abuse. Participants respectively received 47.7, 48.6, 48, 43.5 and 52.6 percent of the maximum score for the domains; attitudes, subjective norms, prototype, willingness and behavioral intention to use Ritalin.Conclusion: Our findings showed, more intention to Ritalin abuse during cores exam, it seem skills study education for student could be beneficial results to Ritalin abuse prevention.

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Background: In the past two decades psychoactive drugs especially among adolescents and youth are common, these drugs located in the second row of drug abuse in the world. Present study performed with aim of determinant of predictors of psychoactive drugs use among adolescents and youth in Kermanshah city based on theory of planned behavior.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among 385 adolescents and youth in Kermanshah. Participants were selected in simple random. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographics, knowledge Questions about the consequences of psychoactive drugs and Structures questionnaire of the theory of planned behavior that completed by participants in self-report. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS-21 with utilizes of regression tests and Pearson correlation.Findings: 7.2 and 4.2 % of the participants were experienced Cristal and Ecstasy. Subjective norms (OR=1.455), perceived behavioral control (OR=0.793) and behavioral intentions (OR=1.440) predicted psychoactive drugs use.Conclusion: It seems that drug use by close friends and peer pressure as encouraging factors provide the conditions for the use of psychoactive drugs.Key Words: Adolescent, Young, Psychoactive Drugs, Theory of Planned Behavior

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Background: Job stress is one of the most important occupational hazards in present time, so that, creates, a lot of damage for individuals and organizations and nursing is a stressful jobs. This study was conducted with aim the impact of health education on reducing occupational stress in nurses.Methods: A quasi-experimental research was done in 2011 public hospitals of Hamedan on 58 Nurses, who were randomizing, in the intervention and control groups.For measure of job stress, nursing stress scale (NSS) and to assess of knowledge, attitudes, skills and behaviors,was used self-made questionnaire. Training program was done for the intervention group during the fifth session in 3 weeks, and nurses for 1.5 month, were followed. For data analysis was used software of spss and statistical t- test Findings: Average score of job stress, before training, the two groups did not differ significantly.but, after training, the average score of job stress in the intervention group than control group, had a significant reduction (p< 0.001). Also, the average scores of knowledge, attitude, skills and behavior, after training,had a significant increase in the intervention group( p< 0.001). Conclusion: Findings were confirmed the impact of health education programs in increasing behaviors and reduce job stress among nurses.Key Words: Health Education, Nursing, Job stress

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Background: Today, the term "strategic foresight" is widely used to describe the activities and processes that help decision makers to guide the organization's future plans. The aim of this study was to determine the future of the Blood Transfusion Organization and its positive and negative trends by 2030.Methods: In this study, the Delphi technique was used to predict the future of the Blood Transfusion Organization. The implementation of this technique was ended after the fourth round and achieving the desired consensus. The participants of this research included managers, officials, and experts of the Blood Transfusion Organization in Isfahan Province and the three accident-prone provinces of East Azerbaijan, Bushehr, and Kerman, Iran. Subjects with at least 10 years of work experience were selected through purposive sampling method. Using the Delphi method, a list of positive and negative trends was identified in the Blood Transfusion Organization in Isfahan Province by 2030. Then, using SPSS software, the average of each of the processes was evaluated.Findings: Based on the results, the most important positive trends of the Blood Transfusion Organization by 2030 included an increase in the diversity of blood products, equipment, and the use of new technologies and IT in processes, and optimal management of blood and its products, allocation of more funds, and increased organizational budget. The most important negative trends in the organization included lack of sufficient attention of policy-makers to the organization as a vital organization, the departure of personnel with high scientific capabilities due to low wages, and lack of human resource development.Conclusion: The Blood Transfusion Organization requires a long-term strategic plan, and to absorb efficient human resources and create suitable culture for its critical activities and role in sustainable and comprehensive development of the country.

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Background: A major stage of human life is old age which is characterized by particular needs, desires, and concerns. The present study was conducted to investigate the role of social support in the general health of the elderly.Methods: A survey method was adopted in this study and data were collected using a questionnaire. The study population consisted of all senior citizens of over 65 years of age in Mashhad, Iran, from among whom a sample of 265 individuals was selected. For the purpose of sampling, a mixture of stratified and multi-stage cluster sampling was used. The data were collected from 9 urban neighborhoods in the city of Mashhad in the year 2015. Moreover, regression test, Pearson correlation, and independent t-test were used for data analysis.Findings: The results showed that the general health of the elderly was at an average level, with the highest level of general health belonging to the subscale of social health. Moreover, social support of the elderly was at an average level, with the greatest support belonging to the subscale of emotional support. The results of independent t-test showed that the general health of men was significantly higher than women. Among the various aspects of social support, the emotional dimension had the greatest impact on the general health of the elderly.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, emotional support had the highest effect on the general health of the elderly, but it should be noted that other requirements of the elderly such as support service, financial support, and counseling should also be met.

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Background: Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate are antimicrobial preservatives used in food. National regulatory organizations have determined the permitted levels of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in different food products. This review article was performed to collect the results of researches in Iran on the concentration of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in different food products. Furthermore, the reported benzoic acid and sodium benzoate concentrations were compared with maximum permitted levels based on national standards.Methods: As the keywords, benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, food, and Iran were searched in national and international databases such as SID, Magiran, Google Scholar, PubMed, and ISI. From among the 61 articles published from 2000 to 2016, 43 were eliminated and a total of 18 articles were included in the survey.Findings: Sodium benzoate was evaluated in the 4 categories of dairy products, acidic food, beverages, and cereal. Most of the studies had focused on dairy products and few studies had focused on other categories. Incompatibility of the permitted amount of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in different food products with the national standard was observed in 100% of articles on dairy products, acidic food, and cereal as well as 80% of articles related to beverages.Conclusion: The studies conducted in Iran formed 2 hypotheses on benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in food products. First, the presence of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in dairy products, acidic food, and cereal may be due to natural interactions caused by microorganisms. Thus, scientific researches are necessary to define the natural amount of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate and revision of the national standards is recommended. Second, benzoic acid and sodium benzoate may be added to food products by food manufacturers. Therefore, the planning and management of continuous monitoring of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate amount in different food products by regulatory and health organizations are suggested.

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Background: Anthracene is an aromatic hydrocarbon recognized as a component that is carcinogenic to humans. Components known as zeolite have been used to remove contaminants, including aromatic hydrocarbons. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of natural zeolites and zeolites modified by copper and iron oxide nanoparticles in the removal of anthracene from water.Methods: In this study, with the use of natural and modified zeolites, anthracene removal process was evaluated and uptake of the desired solution was read using ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectrometry. The effect of pH, initial concentration of anthracene, adsorbent dose, and contact time in the adsorption process was also studied.Findings: According to the results, the highest efficiency in the removal of anthracene was obtained in acidic pH. In addition, the maximum removal was achieved by raw zeolite at a concentration of 10 mg of anthracene and by zeolite modified with zerovalent iron and copper oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 1 ppm. Finally, the maximum removal using zeolite was achieved at 120 minutes. Moreover, the mechanism of adsorption isotherm obeyed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.Conclusion: According to the results obtained, the removal efficiency of zeolites modified with copper oxide and iron nanoparticles was higher than that of raw zeolite. In spite of the high performance in measuring the residue concentration using spectrophotometry to optimize the results through the application of total organic carbon (TOC), the results showed that the total removal of anthracene using the studied adsorbents was low.

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