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Background: The success of any organization depends on  the efforts and job satisfaction of its employees. The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting job satisfaction among the staff of teaching hospitals in Hamadan, Iran. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study on 350 staff members of 5 teaching hospitals in Hamadan. Subjects were selected by stratified random sampling. Data was collected through a standard self-report questionnaire. Data was analyzed using chi-square and independent-t tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and linear regression analysis in SPSS13. Findings: Our results showed that 6.5% of the studied employees were completely dissatisfied, 59.9% were dissatisfied, 30.9% were satisfied, and 2.7% were completely satisfied with their jobs. Linear regression analysis suggested supervision, the nature of work, and income level to contribute the most in job satisfaction. In addition, according to the results, a significant relationship was observed between increased age, work experience, and decreased job satisfaction (P = 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that appropriate supervision in an organization would create an enjoyable working atmosphere. Moreover, by trying to resolve the economic problems of the staff, it would have beneficial effects on  increasing job satisfaction among the employees.

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Background: Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Each year it is newly diagnosed in more than 1.1 million women around the world. The aims of this study were to investigate the role of dietary factors such as consumption of vegetables, fruits, dairy products, fried food, fish, and salt along with food, and factors such as weight, physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, educational level, and marital status in the development of colorectal cancer. Methods: First we calculated the bilateral Pierson correlation coefficient between the mean incidences of breast cancer during 2001-2006, and the proportion of risk factors of non-contagious diseases. Then the risk factors with statistically significant correlation coefficient were separated and were entered into the multiple linear regressions model, in order to investigate the effects of that factor both individually and in relation to other factors over these years. Findings: Based on the Pearson correlation results, there was a significant positive correlation between breast cancer in women, and the percentage of diabetic women, fish consumptions per week, academic education, and lack of consumption of fruits per week. However, there was a significant negative correlation between the incidence of breast cancer, and lack of fish consumption per week, percentage of illiteracy, and consumption of fruit per week. However, in regression analysis there was a significant correlation between university education, fruit consumption per week, and the percentage of diabetic women. Conclusion: Since this was an ecological study we should be careful of ecological fallacy in the interpretation of results. This study can only hypothesize about some possible factors causing breast cancer; therefore, other studies are required, these could be cohort or case control studies.

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Background: Regular physical activity reduces the risk of death and prevents cardiovascular diseases in diabetic patients. Thus, designing behavior change programs is an important factor to increase behavioral skills and enhance self-care among these patients. This study analyzed the effects of an eight-week educational intervention based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) on improving physical activity of type 2 diabetic patients in Hamadan, Iran. Methods: In an interventional study, 50 type 2 diabetic patients (mean age: 50.07 ± 6.64 year old, 88% married) who did not have regular physical activity and were in pre-action stage of the change model were randomly selected and allocated to two groups of intervention and control (n = 25 in each group). Data was collected using the TTM questionnaire. In order to improve physical activity, an eight-week educational program was conducted for the intervention group. Routine educations were also planned for the control group by diabetes research center. One month later, the participants refilled the questionnaires and data was analyzed using SPSS16. Findings: There were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups in regular physical activity and TTM constructs before the educational intervention. After the education, physical activity stages of change significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control group. Mean scores of cognitive and behavioral processes of change and physical activity self-efficacy in the intervention group increased significantly more than the control group. However, increases in decisional balance in the two groups were not significantly different. Moreover, the two groups were not significantly different in terms of self-reevaluation level. Conclusion: According to our findings, educating diabetic patients based on the TTM improves their stages of change and stabilizes regular physical activity behavior. Therefore, management of type 2 diabetes will require educational interventions to improve physical activity based on the behavior-changing theories.

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Background: Iran is one of the countries with the highest rate of deaths due to accidents in the world. Motorcyclists are one of the most vulnerable groups in Iran that 42% of road accidents are attributed to them. The objective of this study was to determine the factors affecting the use of helmets among motorcyclists in Shiraz, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 randomly selected motorcyclists between 15 to 60 years old in Shiraz, Iran. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Findings: Only 11.2% of the participants reported that they always use their helmet. Most of the participants (62.5%) declared that they do not use helmet mostly because it is not comfortable. There was a significant relation between using helmet with jobs and education (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Using motorcycle helmet was low in the studied population. To increase the prevalence of helmet use, it is necessary to focus not only on police enforcement but also initiatives to make helmets more convenient.

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Background: Despite importance of physical activity in health, welfare and quality of life, today most people do not have adequate physical activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of interventional program based on trans-theoretical model to promote regular physical activity in office workers in Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This was a pre and post-interventional study which was conducted on 97 employees in Ilam University of Medical Sciences. First, participants were selected by random sampling and then they completed the trans-theoretical model self-report questionnaire. Participants received educational package including a pamphlet, booklet and physical activity video CD that designed based on trans-theoretical model. After three months to determine the effectiveness of intervention, the trans-theoretical model questionnaire was completed again. Findings: The mean age of the participants was 32.16 ± 6.7 years. 42% of the study subjects were males and 55% were females. Findings showed that participants were interested in walking (42.3%), recreational swimming (52.6%), gym sports (3.1%) and climbing (1.2 %) as regular physical activities. Comparing the results of physical activity changes showed that the interventional program significantly improved participants' stage of change (P < 0.05). In addition, comparing the mean score of decisional balance, process of change and physical activity self-efficacy indicated a significant increase in trans-theoretical construct in post-interventional phase compared with the pre-interventional phase (P < 0.05). Findings indicate a significant increase in mean score of consciousness raising, dramatic relief, counter condition, stimulus control, supportive relationships, self-liberation after the intervention compared with the post-interventional phase (P < 0.05). However, increase in mean score of other cognitive and behavioral processes levels was not significant. Conclusion: According to the results, design and implementing of interventional programs based on behavioral change models could improve health-related behaviors.

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Background: Aggressive behavior in adolescence can be expressed as a predictor for crime, substance abuse, depression and academic failure. This study was performed with the aim to determine the prevalence and factors associated with aggression among adolescents. Methods: The present study was a cross sectional research that was performed among adolescents of Yasuj, Iran in 2010. Subjects were selected by random sampling method from the city__AWT_QUOTE__s main squares. Data collection tool was a questionnaire including two parts: demographic and Boss and Perry aggression questionnaire, which was completed by self-report of the participants. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 18. Findings: Prevalence of aggression was 32.2 percent. Drug abuse, alcohol consumption, unprotected sex, drug abuse in friends, and parental divorce had a statistically significant relationship with the incidence of aggressive in adolescents (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Prevalence of aggression was 32.2 percent. Drug abuse, alcohol consumption, unprotected sex, drug abuse in friends, and parental divorce had a statistically significant relationship with the incidence of aggressive in adolescents (P < 0.05).

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Background: Nutritional education is a necessity in diabetic patients to better control of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of educational programs to promote nutritional knowledge in type II diabetes patients using the health belief model (HBM). Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study which was performed among type II diabetic patients referred to rural health centers in Gachsaran, Iran. Thus, after obtaining permission from officials of the health center in Gachsaran city and coordination with rural health centers, two centers as the intervention group and two centers as the control group were randomly selected, and then for study enrollment, 140 of the patients (70 patients in control group and 70 patients in intervention group) were selected in simple random sampling method among the patients; intervention group received the intended educations and were taken final assessment after 3 months of educational intervention in both groups. Findings: The results showed a statistical significant difference after the implementation of educational programs in the intervention group in the mean knowledge scores, perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and perceived self-efficacy and decreased perceived barriers (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results demonstrated usefulness of implementing educational programs among intervention group concerning the promotion of nutritional knowledge.

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Background: Quality of life is an essential part of the evaluation of health status. As an independent factor, cardiovascular disease has negative effect on the quality of life in such patients. However, the general self-efficacy and perceived social support can help patient to better cope with the mental and physical condition from the disease and improve their quality of life. The preset study aimed to investigate the effect of general efficacy and perceived social support on quality of life in cardiovascular patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 116 cardiovascular patients who hospitalized in Ilam, Iran. Data were collected with the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-Bref) questionnaire, general self efficacy and perceived social support questionnaires. Findings: Findings showed that 35.3% of the participants in the study were male and 64.7% were female. 82.2% were married, and 17.2% were single. According to the results, 2.6% of the patients assessed their current quality of life very poor, 3.4 % poor, 29.3% intermediate, 50.9 % good and 13.8% very good. Besides, 4.3% of the patients were very dissatisfied with their current health status, 11.2% dissatisfied, 32.2% neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, 44.8% satisfied and 9.5 % were very satisfied. Average score in physical health dimension was 22.18 ± 3.32, environmental health dimension 19.49 ± 4.79, mental health dimension 10.79 ± 3.26, and social relationship dimension 25.76 ± 5.08. Furthermore, findings indicated that general self-efficacy average score was 26.97 and for social support was 25.02. Result showed a significant association between the general self-efficacy and perceived social support. As increasing general self-efficacy and perceived social support, physical health, environmental health, mental health and social relationships increased accordingly (P > 0.05). Conclusion: General self-efficacy and perceived social support have important role in improve quality of life. Designing and implementing educational interventions to increase social support and general self-efficacy in patients with cardiovascular disease is recommended.

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Background: Ritalin is an amphetamine that possible to abuse, especially among college students. This study performed with aim to determine the attitudes, subjective norms, prototype, willingness and behavioral intentions regarding Ritalin abuse among college students.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 264 college students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, during spring 2013. Participants selected in random sampling with probability proportional to size, and data were collected by using questionnaire in self-report. Data were described by using SPSS-21.Findings: Mean age of students was 23.02±2.28 years. 6.6 percent of students reported having experienced Ritalin abuse. Participants respectively received 47.7, 48.6, 48, 43.5 and 52.6 percent of the maximum score for the domains; attitudes, subjective norms, prototype, willingness and behavioral intention to use Ritalin.Conclusion: Our findings showed, more intention to Ritalin abuse during cores exam, it seem skills study education for student could be beneficial results to Ritalin abuse prevention.

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Background: In the past two decades psychoactive drugs especially among adolescents and youth are common, these drugs located in the second row of drug abuse in the world. Present study performed with aim of determinant of predictors of psychoactive drugs use among adolescents and youth in Kermanshah city based on theory of planned behavior.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed among 385 adolescents and youth in Kermanshah. Participants were selected in simple random. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: demographics, knowledge Questions about the consequences of psychoactive drugs and Structures questionnaire of the theory of planned behavior that completed by participants in self-report. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS-21 with utilizes of regression tests and Pearson correlation.Findings: 7.2 and 4.2 % of the participants were experienced Cristal and Ecstasy. Subjective norms (OR=1.455), perceived behavioral control (OR=0.793) and behavioral intentions (OR=1.440) predicted psychoactive drugs use.Conclusion: It seems that drug use by close friends and peer pressure as encouraging factors provide the conditions for the use of psychoactive drugs.Key Words: Adolescent, Young, Psychoactive Drugs, Theory of Planned Behavior