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Background: Nowadays drug abuse and addiction is one of the most important health concerns as well as social and political problems in the world. This study was done to compare substance abuse and its related factors between University of Tehran and Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This study was cross-sectional. In this study, 489 students of Tehran University and 488 students of Tehran University of Medical Science were selected through stratified cluster sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Collected data was analyzed by SPSS software version 18 using chi-square test, regression, and Student__AWT_QUOTE__s t-test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Findings: The prevalence of drug abuse in students was 33% in Tehran University of Medical Science, and was 37.5% in University of Tehran. First substance use was during student period. In both university, there were statistically significant relationship between drug abuse and gender, religious beliefs, family history of substance use, and school (P > 0.001). The most mentioned way of exposure to substances was friends. Conclusion: Regarding the role of universities as the centers of training and educating, it is proposed to conduct health education programs for prevention of substance abuse in high schools. These preventive programs should be continued at universities.

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Background: The quality of services and customers satisfaction is the most controversial aspects of today__AWT_QUOTE__s management service organizations. Customer orientation is the core strategy of all the organizations in the world. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of the presented services in public and collaborative health sites under the coverage of health network of Rey city, Iran in 2011-2012. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed randomly on 400 people who referred to public and collaborative health sites. Data gathering was conducted with SERVQUAL questionnaire by face to face interview. Findings: There was a significant difference between the average gap of perception and service quality expectations of tangible and physical aspects (P = 0.001), service guarantee commitments (P = 0.009) and sympathy (P = 0.007) among the two sites. The gap between perception and expectations in the mentioned aspects was more in the public health sites compared to the collaborative health sites. Conclusion: Service quality gap in public health sites was more compared to the collaborative health sites. It is necessary to improve the public health services by applying interventions to improve the physical environment, ensure service commitments, increase sympathy with the clients, and receive feedback on issues and treatment results from the clients.

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Background: This study aimed toassess the effectiveness of educational program on lifestyle modification among type IIdiabetic patients. Methods: This was aquasi-experimental study which was conducted to determine the effectiveness of educational program on lifestyle modification among type IIdiabetes patients in 2011.Study population included120 people who suffered from type IIdiabetes and divided into two groups usingrandom allocation sampling method. In this study, the questionnaire included two parts; i.e.demographic and diabetes lifestyle scale that included assessment ofknowledge, attitude and performance on nutrition and physical activity. Educational program was based on face to face approach of the questionnaire. Data collection was conducted in two stages: before and 3 months after the program in the two groups. SPSS softwareand descriptive statistics were used for analyzing the collected data. The significant level was considered as 0.05. Findings: Study results revealed that educational program had apositive effect on enhancing knowledge, attitudes and practice regardingnutrition and physical activity in the intervention group. This increase was significant based on covariance test (P < 0.001). Conclusion: It is necessaryto provide educational intervention on lifestyle modification in nutrition pattern and physical activity using health education and promotion by focusing on knowledge, attitude and performance among type IIdiabetes patients.

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Background:Osteoporosisisoneof themetabolicdisorderscommonlyfoundduringelderlyperiodwhichseverelyaffects thequalityoflife.Thereforethepresentstudyaimed to investigate and compare the quality of life inthe elderly with and without osteoporosis. Methods:This analyticaldescriptivestudywas conducted on424participantsover60 years old who were membersofhealthclinicsunderthe supervisionofmunicipalityhealth office ofTehran East areas, Iran.Subjectswererandomly selected.145 participantswithosteoporosisand279withoutanysymptoms were chosen.Informationwas gathered using quality of life SF36standardquestionnaireand was filledoutthroughfacetofaceinterviewing. Findings:63.7%of the particiants were womenand36.3% weremen.Meanagewas67.3withstandarddeviationof7.16.Outofallthe participants145(34.2%)weresufferingfromosteoporosis.There was a significantrelationbetweenmeanqualityoflifescoreanddevelopmentofosteoporosissymptoms. Conclusion:Osteoporosisinthe elderlyresultsinthe reductioninquality of life. Prevention and early treatment of this disease can improve the quality of life in the elderly.

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Background: Work place stress affects the mental health, performance and safety of nurses and their patients in health care centers. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess the mental health and stressful life events of nurses working in Tehran Emergency Medical Service, Iran. Methods: This was a descriptive correlational study. Two hundred nurses working in 115 Tehran Emergency Center were randomly selected. Data was collected using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), scaling of life events and were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Findings: There was a statistically significant relationship between mental health and stressful life events (P < 0.001). Mental health status of bachelor nurses was better than operating room and anesthetic technicians (P < 0.001); and they had experienced less stressful events (P < 0.001). Conclusion: To select the right people for the job, it is recommended that psychological tests such as personality traits be performed at the beginning of employment. Regular education programs and psychological counseling for these individuals is also recommended.

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Background: In order to promote preventive skin cancer behaviors among high school students an educational program developed applying the PRECEDE Model.  This study describes the process of planning a Skin Cancer Preventive Program (SCPM) designed for high school students in Teheran. Methods: The development of the SCMP started with a comprehensive review of the literature. This included a review of the risk factors, signs, symptoms and burden of skin cancer, its preventive behaviors, and the educational programs designed, previously. Alongside, in order to help inform SCPM development, a cross-sectional survey was applied on a sample of 450 high school students in Tehran, Iran. Findings: In the cross-sectional survey, statistically significant relationships were found between skin cancer preventive behaviors and all other PRECEDE variables except for attitude. Linear regression analysis showed that the independent variables predicted 43% of skin cancer preventive behaviors within which enabling factors was the most significant variable. Conclusion: The PRECEDE component of PRECEDE-PROCEED model was found to be helpful in providing the conceptual framework in order to design the SCPM for high school students in Iran. Further studies are suggested to employ and evaluate the SCPM among high school students.

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Background: According of high prevalence of internet addiction and its numerous consequences among university students and based on importance of theory based educational intervention implementation on prevention and decreasing behavioral disorders such as internet addiction, current study performed to determine the effect of blended educational intervention based on Health Belief model on internet addiction preventing among female university students living in Tehran University of Medical Sciences dormitories. Methods: The present semi-experimental before and after study was performed on 80 female University students with multi stage and cluster sampling in 2012 - 2013.Study instrument included the questionnaires of demographic information and subjects characteristics about internet usage, Young Internet Addiction tool and self-administered questionnaire based on HBM. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were evaluated by content validity and α test. Blended educational intervention about factors and consequences of internet addiction using various educational strategies and materials such as posters. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS software 16 version. Results were considered significant at conventional P< 0.05 levels. Findings: Response rate was 100 present. Mean of participants__AWT_QUOTE__ age was 22±2.6 years. Marital status had significant association with internet addiction (P=0.03). Study results indicated that Mean score of HBM constructs and knowledge had significant relation before and four months after educational intervention (P< 0.001). On the other hand, internet addiction prevalence decreased from 26.2 to13.8 (P< 0.001).  Conclusion: HBM based education was effective on promoting knowledge and performance related to internet addiction prevention. Study results suggest educational intervention program based on health education and promotion theories which can be operative on preventing and decreasing internet addiction.  

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Background: Healthy behaviors in Alzheimer prevention among at risk are very important. This study aimed to assess the effect of educational program based on Health Belief Model on adopting preventive behaviors in Alzheimer among elders under covering Ardebil health care setting.Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study which was conducted in 2013 among 148 elders who divided into two groups using random allocation sampling method using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Blended educational program was performed some educational strategies such as lecture, group discussion and face to face approach of during three sessions and telephone recall during 6 months. Data collection was conducted in two stages, before and 6 months after the program in the two groups separately. SPSS software version 16 was used for analyzing the collected data. The significant level was considered at less than 0.05.Findings: Mean age of participants were 68/9±7.9 and 68/8±7/6 years in intervention and control groups respectively. There was no significant difference between perceived threatening, perceived severity, perceived benefits and barriers, Cues to Action and performance before intervention (p>0.05). But after educational intervention these changes was significant (p< 0.001). Mean score of knowledge and model constructions had increase significantly (p< 0.001).Also, mean score of performance had increasing significantly (p< 0.001).Conclusion: study results revealed effectiveness of HBM in adopting preventive behaviors among elders about Alzheimer. It has been suggested that intervention program based on HBM usage in other health care setting.

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Background: Today, increasing of the number of patients with diabetes in the world has become the disease the world's largest epidemic. The patient's self-efficacy is a key element in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. This study aimed to Assessing Self Efficacy with Health Belief Model component type 2 diabetic patients referee to Iranian Diabetes Association in 2012-2013.Methods: This study was a cross sectional on which 80 persons referee to Iranian Diabetes Association in 2012-2013 were selected by convenience non-randomly method. Instrument of data gathering was a two part one included demographic variables (9 items) and self-administered diabetes assessment based on HBM (51 items). Data was analyzed with SPSS software version 18 using independent t-test, ANOVA and person correlation coefficient. Significant level was set at 0.05.Findings: Mean and SD of participant age was 55.16± 8.89 years. Mean and SD of perceived threat and cues to action were the most and the least on (60.42± 31.08) and (49.64± 18.76) respectively. Self Efficacy had significant relation with perceived threat, cues to action and perceived benefits and barriers. Perceived barriers among various structures had the greatest impact on patients' self-efficacy.Conclusion: Based on the results in this study perceived barrierswho had their effectiveness overshadows that. So Health Education and promotion interventions to Improving patient’s perceive about barriers and Enhance their ability to solve problems leads to improving self-esteem and self-worth is suggested as a necessary step toward Self Efficacy promotion.Key Words: Health Belief Model, Diabetes Type 2, Self-Efficacy