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Background: Citizenship education is increasingly considered as an important strategy to empower youths in taking responsibilities and playing their individual and social roles, and to protect them against psychosocial pathologies. The purpose of the present descriptive study was to investigate students__AWT_QUOTE__ levels of knowledge,  their intention, subjective norms, and attitudes toward the characteristics and skills of citizenship by utilizing the theory of reasoned action. Methods: Three all-girls__AWT_QUOTE__ high schools in the 3rd educational district of Shiraz, Iran, in which the three majors of math, science, and human sciences were established, were randomly selected. In the schools, one class of each major was randomly chosen to take part in the study. Overall, 228 students participated in the study. A 62-item self-administered questionnaire, composed of 15 MCQ questions for testing knowledge and 34 questions with Likert-type scale for measuring theory's constructs, was used for collecting the study data. The content validity of the instrument was confirmed by 7 specialists in health education, sociology, and social sciences. A test-retest pilot study showed that the reliability of the questionnaire in terms of the constructs of the study, including knowledge (r = 82%), attitude (r = 97%), subjective norms (r = 94%), and behavioral intention (r = 97%) were desirable. Findings: The results of the study showed that the students__AWT_QUOTE__ level of knowledge (mean + SD = 7.84 + 1.98) and attitude (75.38 + 7.44) were relatively low. Moreover, subjective norms (23.24 + 4.33) and behavioral intention (18.07 + 3.03) were relatively desirable, but they were below the ideal levels. The analysis of the relationship between the variables of the study revealed that there were significant correlations between attitude and knowledge (P = 0.037, r = 0.139), attitude and behavioral intention (P = 0.003, r = 0.199), subjective norms and behavioral intention (P = 0.31, r = 0.143), and subjective norms and attitude (P = 0.008, r = 0.174). There were no significant statistical relationships between the demographic variables and the core constructs of the study. Conclusion: Regarding undesirable levels of students' knowledge and attitudes, well-designed citizenship educational programs are recommended. On the other hand, findings of behavioral intention and subjective norms set forth a desirable prognosis that these programs will be effective. Finally, results of this study are in favor of utilizing the theory of reasoned action in both predicting citizenship behavior and planning citizenship education programs in schools.

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Background: There is little data available on job stress dimensions and their relationship to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among Iranian nurses. The aims of this study were to investigate job stress dimensions and examine their relationship to MSDs among nurses of hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS). Methods: 385 randomly selected nurses of SUMS participated in this cross-sectional study. The Persian version of Job Content Questionnaire (P-JCQ), Nordic MSDs (NMQ), and demographic questionnaires were used for data collection. Using SPSS (version 11.5) software, descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney test were applied for data analysis. Findings: The mean ± SD of decision latitude, psychological job demands, social support, physical job demands, and job insecurity were found to be 58.15 ± 6.50, 38.19 ± 5.14, 22.67 ± 3.67, 16.03 ± 2.58, and 7.74 ± 3.85, respectively. The results revealed that decision latitude and social support dimensions had low levels, but psychological and physical job demands, and job insecurity dimensions had high levels among the study subjects. The results of NMQ showed that 89.9% of the nurses had experienced some form of MSD during the previous 12 months. Lower back symptoms were found to be the most prevalent problem reported (61.8%). Physical isometric loads was the only sub-scale of job stress dimensions that had significant relationship with MSDs. Psychological and physical job demands were found to have a statistically significant relationship with trunk region symptoms. Physical job demands were associated with upper extremities symptoms. However, decision latitude, and psychological and physical job demands had a significant relationship with lower extremities problems. Conclusion: MSDs prevalence was high among the studied nurses. In the majority of cases, subjects were exposed to high levels of job stress. Based on the results, any interventional program for MSDs prevention should focus on reducing physical and psychological job demands, and increasing decision latitude among nurses.

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Background: One of the consequences of the increasing urban development is an increased production of urban waste including waste from construction activities. Therefore, planning based on management principles is necessary to organize this kind of waste. No previous studies have been conducted on suitable landfill site selection for construction wastes in Isfahan, Iran. Thus, this study attempts to determine land suitability in terms of construction waste disposal in Isfahan through weighted linear combination (WLC) method and Geographic Information System (GIS).Methods: The present study was a practical and developmental study. In order to identify the best locations for disposal of construction wastes in the study area, 19 data layers were classified in two main branches of ecological and socio-economic factors. Then, weighting of each layer was performed using expert views in the form of pairwise comparison matrices (Analytical Hierarchy Process). Moreover, the layers were standardized using the relevant fuzzy logic model and fuzzy membership functions. Finally, the map of land suitability for construction landfill was weighted by overlaying of the standardized map layers, and 16 limitation layers were obtained.Findings: Classification of the final construction landfill suitability map indicated that more than 95% of the study area was completely unsuitable for construction landfill. Areas with the highest suitability constituted less than 2% of the city area. Finally, 4 areas were identified as alternative construction landfills in Isfahan.Conclusion: The efficacy of GIS in the implementation of multi-criteria decision-making methods for landfill site selection and combination of different qualitative and quantitative criteria was approved in the current study. Determination of only 1.78% of the study area as completely suitable for construction disposal reflects the high sensitivity of the WLC model and the limitation of the area for waste disposal.

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Background: The increased rate of nitrite and nitrate in groundwater resources has caused many concerns in agricultural and industrial areas. Nitrate, one of the indicators of chemical water pollution, has always attracted much attention. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of nitrate in Meymeh aquifer in Isfahan Province, Iran.Methods: In order to determine the amount of nitrate, samples were taken from 10 wells based on sampling standards and were transferred to a water laboratory for analysis. Spectrophotometric method was performed to measure the amount of nitrate. Then, the zoning of nitrate changes was drawn using ArcGIS software and interpolation models.Findings: Electrical conductivity (EC) of the selected wells was 823-4170 µs/cm and the average nitrate concentration was 30.64 ± 19.77 ppm. The minimum and maximum nitrate concentration, respectively, were 8.51 and 59.43 ppm. In 68% of analyzed samples, the standard deviation was about 19.77, which indicates the close distribution of obtained data to average concentration of results.Conclusion: EC of water samples increased from high elevations in the Northeast and West toward the feeding areas in the Central Plains. The highest concentration of nitrate was related to the southern aquifer that most likely is due to high groundwater levels and farming activities in the region. Although the average nitrate concentrations in most of the samples was less than 50 ppm, it is still vital to protect groundwater resources from pollutants.