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Background: Diabetes is one of the most common diseases worldwide that the number of sufferers in the world reaches 177 million. Diabetic patients are more likely to get depressed than others. However, the demographic features of patients could be effective in this regard. The aim of present study was to assess the severity of depression in diabetic patients according to their demographic features. Methods: In this cross-sectional study 383 type 2 diabetic patients referred to Isfahan charity association in  recruited. These patients were examined in terms of depression through a questionnaire consisting of 2 parts: with demographic features, and with 21 standardized Beck tests. Obtained data analyzed by SPSS software and Chi-square and Multivariate analysis tests. Findings: The prevalence of normal moods,moderate,medium and severe depression among studied population was 28%,21.4%,35.5% and 15.1% respectively.Severe depression was more prevalent in women than men(56.6% vs. 36.8%,P< 0.01). There was negative significant relation between depression severity and age (P= -0.02). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the high prevalence of depression among type2 diabetic patients.. Therefore, psychiatric consultation is recommended toto evaluate depression in type2 diabetics.

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Background: Diabetes is a common disease that can lead to metabolic abnormalities and chronic complications. Today, the positive role of physical activity and exercise, especially walking in health human society and has been approved in prevention and control many complications including diabetes. Today, the positive role of physical activities and exercise , especially hiwalking in the health of human society and in the prevention and control of many diseases including diabetes has been approvend. The purpose of this study to determine predictors of walking behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes in Yazd based on Health Belief Model. Methods: In this cross-sectional study on 111 type 2 diabetes patients referring to Yazd Diabetes Center were selected randomly. Data collecting was done by a questionnaire with health belief model structures (knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, self efficacy & cues to action) and demographic variables and questions regarding walking behaviors. Reliability and validity were assessed and were approved. Ddata analyzed were using the spssSPSS software and making descriptive statistics, the correlation coefficient and regression testes. Findings: 111 individuals with type 2 diabetes of both sexes (78 females and 33 males) with mean age of 44.7 ± 18.49 were participated in this study. the mMean score of knowledge and walking behavior were, 6.93 ± 3.22 and 4.46 ± 3.73, respectively that showed subjects had acquired only 43.12% of knowledge maximum score knowledge and 31.85% of the walking behavior maximum score walking behavior. The Findings showed that there was a significant relationship between walking behavior with knowledge, & behavior with perceived severity and& behavior with  perceived benefits.  Conclusion: According to this study behavior of walking was weak. & It seems that the use of theoretical based models such as Health Belief Model can be used effective on to predict weakness of walking and as a framework can be used for the implementation of educational interventions to control diabetes.  

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Background: Diabetes is the most common metabolic disease in humans and has several chronic complications such as sight, kidney, vascular and nervous disorders all of which effect the patient's quality of life. In this regard, self-efficacy as an important factor is the patients ability to personally control their disease. This study investigates the relationship between self-efficacy and quality of life diabetic women.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study on 187 diabetic woman who referred to the Diabetes Research Center of Hamadan. The  Simple Sampling method was used in this study and for data collection the quality of life questionnaire summarized by the World Health Organization and perceived self-efficacy questionnaire on disease were used.  Data were analyzed by using statistical software SPSS-13.Findings: The mean years of suffering from diabetes in the participants was 9.86 with a standard deviation of 6.77 years and the mean quality of life score was 79.92 (total score = 130). There was a statistically significant correlation between occupation, years of suffering from the disease, education, and quality of life (P < 0.05). Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between self-efficacy and quality of life of patients (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study Showed a Significant correlation between self-efficacy and quality of life. In this regard, nurses and other health personnel can increasing the confidence of patients in the self-care behavior and consequently improve their quality of life by giving them appropriate training.

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Background: Diabetic patients have some difficulties in controlling their disease and integrating it in their life. Self-efficacy is a psychosocial variable in the field of diabetes which can have desirable or undesirable effects on all kinds of disease outcomes. This study aimed to determine self-efficacy and its effective factors among type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during four months in 2011. Consecutive sampling was used to select 140 patients with type 2 diabetes. A questionnaire including demographic characteristics, health-related questions (12 items) and diabetes self- efficacy scale (8 items) was employed to collect data. All items were scored on a scale of 1 (not at all confident) to 10 (totally confident). Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the collected data in SPSS11.5. Findings: The response rate was 100%. The mean age and diabetes duration were 53.23 ± 7.82 and 53.23 ± 7.82 years, respectively. While the mean score of self-efficacy was 36.29 ± 9.27, 58.6% of the participants had low self-efficacy. In addition, self- efficacy had significant relations with marital status (P < 0.001), education level (P = 0.04), general health status (P = 0.04), disease duration (P = 0.02), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level (P = 0.002).  Conclusion: Self-efficacy has a key role in diabetes control. However, a high percentage of our participants had low self-efficacy. Therefore, educational interventions using health education and promotion theories focusing on self-efficacy are necessary.

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Background: Several factors play a role in controlling diabetes. Perceived social support such as family and friends is one of the most important social factors in diabetes control. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between perceived social support and related factors with standard indicator of diabetes control [hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C)] among type 2 diabetic patients.   Methods: 317 diabetic patients were studied who referred to hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, during 6 months in 2011. The data collecting tool was a multidimensional scale including three parts. First part included socio demographic and health related data, the second part was perceived social support scale from family (20 items) and the third part consisted of perceived social support scale from friends (20 items). HbA1C was collected from current medical records of type 2 diabetic patients. Collected data was then analyzed.   Findings: Study findings showed that some variables such as age (P = 0.01), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.05), sex (P = 0.05), marital status (P < 0.001), disease duration (p < 0.001), occupation (P < 0.001) and level of education (P = 0.006) in the perceived social support from friends had a significant relation with HbA1C. Some variables such as age (P < 0.001), BMI (P < 0.001), sex (P < 0.001), marital status (P < 0.001) and disease duration (P < 0.001) in the perceived social support from family had a significant relation with HbA1C. Conclusion: Perceived support from family and friends was associated with glycemic control in diabetes. Therefore, the need to focus on the sources of perceived social support in patients with type 2 diabetes, with focusing on the social and economic factors becomes more evident.

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Background: Social support is  as the most effective agent in successfully coping with stressful circumstances. Considering the importance of healthcare at home for the patients with type 2 diabetes, family practice is fundamental to the quality of patient adaptation to problems, and consequences of the disease. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the status of perceived family support and some related factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Random simple sampling method was used. The sample consisted of 113 patients who referred to the Sedigheh Tahereh Research Center. To complete the questionnaire in the days predetermined (randomly), a personal interview was conducted with each of the patients. To evaluate the data analysis of variance, Pearson correlation and repeated measures ANOVA were used. Findings: Of the 113 patients, 106 patients (81 women and 25 men) were entered into the analysis. The one-way ANOVA test showed there was a statistically significant difference in family support across economic levels (F = 3.24, P < 0.001). Analysis of variance with repeated measures, revealed significant differences between perceived family support aspects of patients' self care behaviors (F = 39.31, P < 0.001). Results showed that the lowest and highest self-reported scores of perceived support, respectively, were related to drug treatment and general support. Conclusion: The present study showed that patients__AWT_QUOTE__ perceived family support in drug treatment and adherence to diet was poor. Because of the importance of these two aspects in the treatment plan for patients, it is essential that family empowerment programs be considered.

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Background: Desirable dietary behavior adaption is one of the main parts among type 2 diabetes mellitus which can result in preventing and decreasing disease complications. Evidence revealed that improving dietary habits and behaviors can be helpful in diabetes control. This study aimed to assess dietary habits among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus referee to Tehran University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals, Iran, in 2012. Methods: In this descriptive study, 480 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled by convenience sampling method. The used questionnaire study included socio-demographic aspects; besides, a 51-items self-report instrument was used containing four general questions about dietary habits and four subscales reflecting domains including general diabetes information (12 items), planning, shopping, and preparing meals (6 items), eating meals (17 items) and family influence on dietary habits (12 items). Data collection was conducted in four selected hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Findings: Mean age of participants was 59.96 ± 11.53 years. Mean scores of __AWT_QUOTE__general diabetes information__AWT_QUOTE__, __AWT_QUOTE__planning, shopping, and preparing meals__AWT_QUOTE__, __AWT_QUOTE__eating meals__AWT_QUOTE__ and __AWT_QUOTE__family influence on dietary habits__AWT_QUOTE__ were 53.72 ± 19.83, 57.31 ± 23.82, 52.27 ± 12.13, and 64.72 ± 14.3, respectively. __AWT_QUOTE__Family influence on dietary habits__AWT_QUOTE__ was highlighted as the most important domain in dietary habits instrument. In various domains of the questionnaire, food labeling, type and amount of meals calories, attention to eat regular main meals and snack, obtaining perceived support from family achieved the highest mean score. Conclusion: We suggest planning and implementation of theory-based intervention programs aimed to do eating habits modifications in order to improve knowledge and dietary behaviors adopting among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It seems that patient;s family participation, as enabling factors, can facilitate the aim.

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Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is one of the incretin hormones secreted from the intestine upon ingestion of food to increase insulin secretion and regulate blood sugar. In addition to that, GLP-1 can inhibit apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells and enhances their proliferation. The aim of this study is to review the present evidences about GLP-1 effects in regulation of blood sugar, insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes. Methods: The Case-control, cohort, observational and review studies were considered and evaluated using the search engines PubMed, the period between the years 1987 to December 2012. The study was performed by the key words; glucagon-like pepetide-1, GLP-1, "type 2 diabetes", "type II diabetes" and NIDDM. Articles that contained sufficient data and information in relation to GLP-1 in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its function were used. Findings: From among of the 216 articles that analyzed to evaluate the effects of GLP-1on diabetes, the146 articles were belong to type 2 diabetes and GLP-1. From which only the 25 articles contained sufficient information related to the effects of GLP-1 in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its role in the regulation of blood glucose and insulin secretion. They were considered and evaluated. Conclusion:  The GLP-1 has effects on lowering blood sugar and increasing insulin levels in two ways, direct and indirect. In direct way, it can increase insulin gene expression and synthesis through pancreatic beta cell receptors. In addition to that, via indirect pathway, by signaling on its receptors on the β-cell surface via hepatic portal vein and vagus nerve could cause an increase in insulin secretion and release. The recent studies show that in Type II diabetes, GLP-1 secretion is impaired, thus its improving can cause an increase in insulin and blood glucose regulation. Nowadays, two types of GLP1-enhancing drugs are administrated orally or subcutaneous injection. Key Words: GLP-1, Incretin, Type 2 diabetes, Glucagon-like peptide -1

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