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Background: When treatment by antibiotic is not essential, an increase in antibiotic use leads to antimicrobial resistance. Resistant species and reduced effectiveness of antibiotics cause a lot of expenses for the health system. This study was performed based on social cognitive theory in public health centers in south region of Tehran City, Iran, to determine the role of predictors of self-care, public knowledge, and general belief in the rational use of antibiotics.Methods: This analytic study was carried out with co-operation of 260 clienteles to eight subsidiary centers in south region of Tehran City during the year 2017 who were randomly assigned. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on social cognitive theory included demographic information, self-care questionnaire, public knowledge, and general belief, which was completed using interview and self-reporting method. Linear regression, and Pearson correlation tests were used to data analysis via SPSS software. Significance level was considered less than 0.05.Findings: The mean ±standard deviation of participants’ age was 36.3 ± 12.4 years. Among the components of social cognitive theory, knowledge, self-control, and self-management had significant contribution to self-care (P < 0.05 for all). Knowledge component was the only component that predicted the public knowledge (P < 0.05). Knowledge, expectations of the outcome, perceived barriers, and emotional compatibility were the components that explained the general belief (P < 0.05 for all).Conclusion: Study results revealed that the components of social cognitive theory can be effective for designing theory-based educational interventions to improve self-care, public knowledge, and general belief in the context of rational use of antibiotics.

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