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Background: Today, renal disease is one of the major worldwide health problems. It has a high prevalence, which increases 8% annually. Incidence of renal disease and treatment techniques can affect the quality of life, health status and social roles of patients. The aim of the current study was to determine the quality of life of dialysis and kidney transplant patients and compare it to healthy people. Methods: This was a case-control study conducted on eligible subjects in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 100 dialysis and 100 transplant patients, and 200 healthy people completed the questionnaire. The standard quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) was used as the data collection tool. For data analysis, SPSS software version 18, and descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used. Findings: There was a significant difference between the mean score of age  of the three groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, sex and marital status of the groups did not have a significant difference, however, there was a significant difference between the level of education (P > 0.05) and economic status of the groups (P < 0.05). Mean score of quality of life among dialysis and kidney transplant patients, and healthy people were (42.41 ± 11.80), (66.03 ± 7.80), and (56.42 ± 9.36) respectively, which had a significant correlation. Conclusion: The findings of the current study revealed how renal disease and different treatments can affect the social role, and physical, mental and environmental health of patients. Patients with a transplanted kidney showed higher quality of life scores in comparison to others. This means that this kind of treatment can modify different aspects of the quality of life of patients and enhance their self-esteem.

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